It is very cold because the world is warming up (?)

The global warming dogma is widely extended at the upper level of societies, academic elites, political and academic authorities. Many governments define their policies and decisiones based on this basic paradigm: the world is warming up and the main cause is the burning of mineral  fuels (or as they usually say "fossil" fuels). Because of this consumption of hydrocarbons CO2 in the air increases, and due to its "greenhouse effect" the atmosphere temperature augments. Because it has been expressed as a dogma (discordant opinions are not accepted. Even common sense extrene cold periods are interpreted as a result of global warming.  I don't agree that this is so. There are too many uncertainties as to promote this one-sided view of the world.

As an example I reproduce an article from CNN describing the situation in North America during a very extreme cold spell continent-wide.

'Coldest air in a generation' hits the Midwest. Officials warn of almost instant frostbite

Even for the hardiest, cold-tested Americans, the deep freeze sweeping over the Midwest will be brutal.

Officials warned of almost instant frostbite as temperatures in the region plunged below zero Wednesday. Some state offices are closed and postal workers won't deliver mail in 10 states. Thousands of flights have been canceled along with dozens of train services -- most of them in and out of Chicago.

As of Wednesday morning, roughly 224 million people -- that's more than 7 in 10 Americans -- were experiencing below-freezing conditions, and more than a fifth of the country was enduring below-zero temperatures.

It's only getting chillier. Meteorologists predict at least 40 record lows will be set in the Midwest and Northeast after sundown Wednesday, including in New York and Washington, which are expecting single-digit temperatures.

With at least five deaths linked to the extreme conditions this week, authorities are urging people to bundle up, stay inside and check up on the elderly and vulnerable in what experts are describing as "the coldest air in a generation."

Water vapor rises above St. Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River on Tuesday in Minneapolis.

Chicago will be below zero for days

While most of the Midwest will see frigid temperatures, Chicago will be "the epicenter of the extreme cold," CNN meteorologist Dave Hennen said.

Chicago could reach a record low temperature of 27 below zero by Thursday morning. Its daytime high Wednesday is forecast to be 15 below zero. Officials there are setting railroad tracks on fire because the extreme cold can cause defects.

"Chicago officially fell below zero prior to 6 p.m. (Tuesday) at O'Hare and it may not get back to zero until Thursday evening," National Weather Service in Chicago tweeted Tuesday night.

It'll be so cold, Chicago-area residents would be better off warming up in parts of Antarctica. The high temperature Wednesday in Priestley Glacier, Antarctica, will be 6 degrees Fahrenheit, with a low of 7 below zero.

Wednesday night could bring record temperatures in the city and region. Forecasts predict a low of negative 27, the lowest temperature on record in Chicago, and 35 to 40 below zero in northern Illinois, where the record is negative 36, set in 1999.

More than 3,300 flights involving US airports were canceled Tuesday and Wednesday, including more than 2,000 in and out of Chicago airports, according to FlightAware.com.

Amtrak also canceled all service to and from Chicago on Wednesday due to weather, including short-distance trains and long-distance overnight trains. It said it typically operates 55 trains daily to and from the Chicago hub.

Mail delivery will also be canceled in Michigan, Indiana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Illinois, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Nebraska.

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Why Chicago train tracks are being set on fire 00:45

In Minnesota, frostbite can hit in minutes

Frigid temperatures are not the only concern. In Minnesota, blustery weather brought rare wind chills of negative 60. In Ponsford, the wind chill was negative 66, CNN meteorologist Michael Guy said.

"These are VERY DANGEROUS conditions and can lead to frostbite on exposed skin in as little as five minutes where wind chill values are below -50," the National Weather Service tweeted. "Best thing you can do is limit your time outside."

Hennen described it as the "coldest air in a generation." Temperatures will plunge to 20-40 degrees below zero between Tuesday and Thursday in the Upper Midwest, Hennen said.

In northern Minnesota, wind chills were forecast to drop to 65-70 degrees below zero, which would rival the coldest wind chill ever recorded in the state (71 below) in 1982.

Frost covers part of the face of a University of Minnesota student Tuesday.

Frostbite is an issue in central Iowa, too

In central Iowa, wind chills are also a major concern.

What to know about frostbite

The National Weather Service forecast dangerous wind chills of negative 45 degrees for Des Moines, minus 57 for Waterloo and negative 60 for Mason City into Wednesday night.

"This is the coldest air many of us will have ever experienced," it tweeted.

Wind chill refers to how cold people and animals feel when they're outdoors, according to the weather service. It's how much heat is lost from exposed skin while it's windy and cold. The faster the wind, the more heat is drawn from the body, which lowers the skin temperature and, ultimately, the internal body temperature.

Frostbite is caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. It's most common on the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin. Severe cases can kill body tissue.

A worker shovels snow off the rail switches.

North Dakota residents told to avoid roads

In North Dakota, authorities issued a "no travel" advisory for the state's northeast region, warning motorists to stay off the road in those areas due to zero visibility from blowing snow. The region includes Grand Forks and its surroundings.

It’s so cold in the parts of the Midwest they can’t deliver beer.

The North Dakota Highway Patrol also issued a travel alert for southeast North Dakota due to blowing snow. Cities included in the travel alert are Fargo, Casselton and surrounding areas.

"A travel alert means conditions are such that motorists can still travel in these areas, but should be advised of changing conditions. Motorists are encouraged to wear seat belts, reduce speeds and drive according to the conditions," it said.

The wind chill at Grand Forks International Airport was 61 degrees below zero, the National Weather Service said. Extreme cold will continue through Thursday, with wind chills down into the negative 60s, according to the National Weather Service.

State offices closed in Michigan

In west Michigan, with wind chills between negative 20 and negative 40 expected Wednesday through Thursday morning, the National Weather Service warned residents that "these temperatures the next few days are nothing to mess with."

"We are not used to this. Take steps to prevent frostbite and hypothermia," it said.

All state offices will be closed Wednesday and Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer has declared a state of emergency.

"Such widespread, extreme conditions have not occurred in Michigan for many years. It's imperative that we are proactive with record-low temperatures being predicted by the National Weather Service," she said.

"Wind chills are predicted as low as 50 degrees below zero in many places, such as metro Detroit which is especially unaccustomed to these temps."

Sarah Allen clears her driveway and sidewalks with a snowblower in Flint, Michigan.

Upstate New York bracing for nastiness

There is already 11 inches of snow in part of western New York, and Gov. Andrew Cuomo said late Wednesday morning that forecasters were predicting totals of 24 inches by the time it stops falling. Rochester had about 8 inches, he said, and Syracuse had 9.

Upstate is the concern, the governor said, explaining the polar vortex will prove more complicated than other storms. Snow plows are already being transported from New York City and Long Island to northern parts of the state.

In Buffalo, officials have more than 50 plows ready to handle the snowfall, and they've laid more than 800 tons of salt on roads.

"We have lost lives in storms like this," he said, adding that the state is stepping up policing to ensure residents heed road advisories.

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Life-threatening cold grips much of the US 01:53

Deaths linked to brutal weather

As millions grapple with the frigid temperatures, at least five deaths have been linked to the extreme weather this week.

In Rochester, Minnesota, a man died Sunday outside the home where he was staying with a relative. He didn't have keys to the home and couldn't get in after being dropped off that morning. The single-digit temperatures that dipped below zero may have played a role in his death, police said.

In Illinois, a man died Monday in a crash involving a village plow truck and a pedestrian, Libertyville police said. The plow truck driver has been placed on paid administrative leave pending the results of an investigation. The same day, Ethan and Shawna Kiser were killed when their Saturn Vue spun sideways and into the path of a GMC Yukon in northern Indiana, authorities said. They were 22 and 21, respectively.

A 55-year-old man was found dead Tuesday in the detached garage of his Milwaukee home after he apparently collapsed while shoveling snow, the medical examiner's office said.

CNN's Eliott C. McLaughlin, Joe Sutton and Dave Alsup contributed to this report.

By Faith Karimi and Steve Almasy, CNN

January 30, 2019

https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/30/weather/winter-weather-wednesday-wxc/index.html

Contemporary scientific dogmas 
and the "excommunication" of heretics

Danilo Antón
At each historical moment there are conceptual and / or scientific models that are to a large extent the ideological support of prevailing power systems. States and their political, academic, and religious structures rely on such models.
These models change over time. New data are obtained, other conceptual approaches are developed, and finally, the model change occurs. Kuhn called it "paradigmatic change".
Generally, political, religious and academic authorities and powers resist this change, but in the end, the accumulation of information and the diffusion of new ideas impose the substitution of old visions for new ones more adapted to the state of society in that moment.
Although this process has been systematic throughout history, the elites of each period act as if their conceptions were immutable, sometimes true dogmas.
This also occurs in contemporary times.
Human societies organize their knowledge through the symbolic systems of their cultures.
In each epoch there are dominant models that relate to the social and political power structures in place. These models, which were for a long time of a religious character, often dogmatic, allowed the domination of the some groups at the political or sacerdotal level.
At the same time that the elites imposed a system of knowledge, they ensured their political control and the enjoyment of economic and social privileges.

Modern History of Dogmatism
The process of replacing European dogmatic religious systems began early in the so-called "Middle Ages" sheltered in the medieval "Universities" and urban centers "burgos" and growing
through the demographic and commercial expansion of the ecumenical regions.
People who disagreed with dogmas were declared "heretics." Some, such as Giordano Bruno and Tomás Moro, were executed for their ideas or behavior that contradicted the postulates and norms established by the political and religious castes. Others, such as Nicolas Copernico or Galileo Galilei, were bitterly criticized, persecuted for their ideas and finally forced to renounce to express their points of view.
The new ideological systems developed since the XVII century commenced to neglect the philosophical structures based on biblical, canonical and Greco-Roman influences.
From the triumph of the European industrialist revolution the new systems of knowledge were definitively imposed, leaving aside the geocentric religious and dogmatic approaches.
New economic and political structures engendered a system of knowledge generation based on a network of academic, corporate and governmental institutions.
It is within the framework of this "network" that "official" knowledge, valid and / or "fundable" research projects were defined, as well as the selection of "publishable" articles in so-called "refereed scientific journals".
According to Thomas S. Kuhn's work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (1970 edition), "normal" (official) scientific research is concerned on looking for novelties within accepted conceptual frames, as well as to obtain data that "confirm" what is already known.
James Lovelock points out in his work "The Ages of Gaia" (1988) that academic scientists may think that they have freedom but in reality most of them "have changed freedom of thought for good working conditions, regular income and social prestige..
Scientists are also constrained by an army of bureaucratic forces, from funding agencies to health and safety organizations. Scientists are also limited by the tribal rules of the discipline to which they belong. A physicist would have difficulty doing chemistry research, and a biologist would find almost impossible to do physics. To complete the above, in recent years the "purity" of science is more closely guarded by a self-imposed inquisition called peer review. "
The current model or scientific system is called normal science or "paradigm". The paradigm of normal science in Kuhn's view is the set of theories, rules, procedures and knowledge that permeate a given society at a particular moment in its history. At present it refers to the scientific "model" adopted in a generalized way in contemporary globalized society.
In this "globalized" society the official scientific construction works through the accumulation of scientific data that allow (supposedly) to "advance" in the knowledge in particular to achieve greater detail in the concrete application of accepted scientific models.
There is no method in this official paradigm (nor in any other dominant paradigm, by the way) that allows to discard "the whole model" and begin to accept other theories and apply other rules or procedures that end up radically altering the recognized model.
To a great extent, the difficulty of changing the official paradigm is that the radical modification of the paradigm implies altering the relations of power.
At the political level, the holders of paradigmatic power are those who occupy the decision-making positions. At an economic level, it is they who benefit from their privileged position in the knowledge structure. At the academic level, they defend the prestige and economic security that the university and professional positions they occupy.
In short, the struggle for the preservation of the paradigm by its main proponents arises in terms of power.
D.Antón.
More info at daniloanton.blogspot.com