Water on Mars

There is plenty of water on Mars, but it's frozen, locked in water-rich minerals, tucked away below the surface — or a combination of those challenges, which is why we still don't know where it all is. That's a problem for Rick Davis, assistant director for science and exploration in the planetary science division at NASA, because he is heading the agency's project to evaluate potential human base sites on the Red Planet. But he thinks tackling this problem could help bring  scientists and would-be explorers together.

"The beauty of this is, it's not an us or them," Davis told Space.com after a presentation at the conference of the American Geophysical Union held here last week. "I think most people who are actually thinking about this problem are beginning to realize there's like a 90, 95 percent overlap" in what information they need about Mars.

For Davis and his compatriots, water and ice represent a cure for, on the one hand, all the ways humans rely on water to survive, and, because it can be split into hydrogen and oxygen, as rocket fuel to carry people and cargo back to Earth. And scientists want to study Martian ice in hopes of learning more about the planet's climate history and potential past habitability.

In Davis' view, both groups are stymied by an important blind spot in current instruments, which means they can't understand what's happening just below the surface, less than 33 feet (10 meters) down. That's a particularly important region of the subsurface because it's the most accessible, for humans and robots alike.

In order to fill in that blank terrain, Davis said, we would need to put an instrument called synthetic aperture radar — commonly used in Earth science to study the impacts of natural disasters , among other uses — into orbit around Mars. (That's an idea that has been discussed, but is not yet an official target for a future mission.)

And Davis sees another area where different communities pursuing different goals on Mars share a specific need — monitoring and forecasting the weather. That will help scientists better understand planetary processes, and would-be explorers will need to know when weather conditions could deter their flights to or from Mars — think of rocket-launch scrubs and airport- flight delays here on Earth.

Better weather data will also feed planetary protection efforts at Mars, which work to protect sensitive areas where life is and has been most plausible. Humans can avoid those areas themselves, but they could still contaminate them from a distance if microbes or other Earth-germs are blown across the planet's surface.

"Once humans go there, we're going to have releases, the joints on spacesuits will never be pure, you're going to have accidents in terms of habitats," Davis said. "Understanding where all the junk goes that gets relehtmlased from a human base is really a prevailing wind issue."

All that means that when it comes to water and weather, groups of Martian-minded humans may have more in common than they sometimes think — and could perhaps collaborate to tackle steep technology challenges and large price tags. "All three of those communities are rapidly converging on the idea that we really need to understand what we're dealing with," Davis said.

Reference:
https://www.space.com/42786-where-is-water-on-mars.