Supergiant oil and gas fields          

                                                

 Russian geologist Nikolai Alexandrovitch Kudryavtsev was a prominent advocate of the Abiogenic Theory. He presented many examples of that, substantial and sometimes commercial quantities of hydrocarbons were found in the basement crystalline rocks or in sediments directly to them overlapping.

   He cited cases in Kansas and California (United States), in western Venezuela and Morocco. He also indicated that the oil reservoirs in sedimentary strata are often related to significant deep fractures in the basement immediately below these accumulations. This is also evidenced in the supergiant fields such as Ghawar in Saudi Arabia; Athabasca oil sands, in Canada; Orinoco oil sands, in Venezuela; Panhandle-Hugoton gas field, in Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma that also produces helium in commercial quantities; Tengiz in Kazakhstan; Prudhoe Bay oilfield in North Slope, Alaska;  Lula field, in Brazil; White Tiger oilfield, Vietnam and many others as the supergiant South Pars/North Dome field or North Field which is the world's largest natural gas condensate field located in the Persian Gulf, shared between Iran and Qatar.

   In the Last Soldier oil field (Wyoming, USA), Kudryavtsev established that in all horizons of the geological section, sandstones of the Cambrian to Cretaceous cover the basement and have reservoirs of oil. A flow of oil was also obtained in the basement. Gaseous hydrocarbons, he noted, are not rare in igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. Petroleum in Precambrian gneiss is found on the western shore of Lake Baikal in Russia. He noted that oil is present in large or small quantities, but in all horizons below any petroleum accumulation, apparently totally independent of the variability of the conditions of formation of these horizons. This nomination has become known as "Kudryavtsev's Rule" and many examples of it have been recorded in various parts of the world. He concluded that commercial accumulations of oil are simply found where permeable zones are covered with impermeable ones.