The major psychoactive plants

The major psychoactive factors include many substances, generally of plant origin. Below is a list of the main synthetic plants that have been used historically and psychoactive compounds extracted from them ends.

1.  Poppy ( Papaver somniferum ) is a herbaceous flowering plant from which opium-bearing seeds are obtained. It contains several active substances with psychoactive properties: morphine (from which heroin is extracted), codeine and others.

2.  Hemp ( Cannabis sativa ), also improperly called marijuana, is a, native to southern Asia shrubby plant, which has psychoactive alkaloids with well defined properties. Hashish is obtained.from cannabis

3.  Peyote ( peyote ) is a cactus whose main active ingredient is mescaine. The peyote grows in arid subtropical areas of North America.

4.  Teonanacatl ( Mexican Psilocybe and Stropharia cubensis ) is formed by several species of psychoactive mushrooms that grow in the mountains of Mesoamerica (Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala). They contain psilocybin and psilocin

5.  Fly agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) is a psychoactive mushroom that grows in the Nordic and temperate mountain forests in Eurasia. It contains muscarine and muscimol.

6. Ayahuasca is an infusion prepared from a vine that grows in the Amazonian region. This vine called  Banisteriopsis caapi contains harmina13   (C 13 H 12 N 2 O), an alkaloid with strong sicoativas properties.

7. Ergot  ( Claviceps purpurea ) is a fungus that parasites rye, wheat and other grasses. It is strongly psychoactive and has significant toxicity that can be removed in its preparation. It is of Eurasian or North African origin. It contains several psychoactive alkaloids including lysergic acid, closely related to LSD-25 (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) the known synthetic psychedelic compound.

8.  Ololiuhqui ( Turbina corymbosa ), also called “seeds of the Virgin” is a vine found in Mexico whose seeds have visionary properties.Like the ergot alkaloids lysergic acid containing, with strongly psychoactive character.

9.  Aguacolla, also called San Pedro or giant ( Trichocereus pachanoi ) is a large-sized cactus (5-8 meters high) that grows in central and northwestern South Andes (Ecuador, Peru) America. Just as the peyote contains mescaline.

10. Coca is a very bushy plant of the Andean foothills in South America whose leaves contain numerous alkaloids, including cocaine.

11. Tobacco is a shrub native American origin grown in most of the native societies. It has several alkaloids, including nicotine.

12 Beleño ( Hyoscyamus niger ) is a herb of the family Solanaceae characteristic of Europe and the Mediterranean region. It contains tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The latter has visionary properties.

13. Belladonna ( Atropa belladonna ) is a typical European continent herbaceous plant of the family Solanaceae, which contains several tropane alkaloids including hyoscyamine and scopolamine.

14. Mandragora ( Mandragora officinarum ) is a herbaceous plant of European origin that has a thick and irregular root of anthropomorphic appearance. It contains several tropane alkaloids including hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine and mandragorina.

15. Iboga ( Tabernanthe iboga ) is a shrub of Central Africa whose roots are used for its visionary properties. It is a species of milkweed family, consisting of shrubs and trees characterized by their simple leaves, colorful flowers and a milky juice. It contains ibogaine and 11 more indole-alkaloids.

16.Syrian rue ( Peganum harmala ) is a small shrub native to the desert areas of the Mediterranean East. It contains beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harmaline and harmine tetrahydro-with visionary properties.

17. Datura ( Datura inoxia ) is a perennial herb that can reach more than 1m high that grows in Mexico. The root is used, seeds and leaves lesser extent. It contains scopolamine and hyoscyamine.

 There are many other plants rich in alkaloids. Some of them are commonly used in industrial preparations and mass consumption (coffee, tea, chocolate, kola, mate, etc.) (see Chapter 6). Others are known only locally. Surely there are many whose properties are unknown. A complete list would include several thousand species.

From: Peoples, Drugs and Serpents, Danilo Anton, Piriguazú Ediciones

The Coca plant                                                         Coca is not a drug, it’s food.  

Coca, scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca  is a medicinal and ceremonial plant traditionally used by Andean cultures.
It is a medium height bush that grows in hot, humid climates on the lower slopes of mountains. Since ancient times coca leaves were, and still are, used due to its medicinal and ritual purposes. They are chewed, ingested or prepared in infusion. 
Coca leaves are actually an essential dietary supplement in the social and ecological conditions of the Andes. They contain a considerable proportion of the requirements of vitamins and minerals.  They also supress hunger, improving life in the jungle and mountain environments where the availability of protein may be limited by local or seasonal factors. Another property of coca, related to its alkaloid content is its stimulating effect, it also facilitates efforts in conditions of the  low oxygen content of the mountain heights.

Coca leaf tea or «mate de coca» is also consumed in Peru and Bolivia to relieve altitude sickness or «altitude sickness» and as a digestive. The medicinal properties of coca resemble to some extent the Mapuche “boldo”.
During colonial times, Spanish authorities used these stimulant and appetite suppressant properties of coca to improve workers performance in the difficult silver miners conditions.
 Coca trade provided considerable income to the colonial authorities. In 1583 more than one millon kilos of coca leaves were brought to the mines of Upper Peru.  
Pictures taken by the author in the Chapare region of Cochabamba.

Coca alkaloids

Coca contains numerous alkaloids which give its known therapeutic properties.
The best known alcaloid is cocaine that has stimulant and digestive effects. Other alkaloids contained in coca include atropine, egnomina, the pecticina, papain, hygrine, globulin, quinoline, conina, cocamine, reserpine, benzoin, inulin and pyridina. Its properties are described in Table 3.2.

Cocaine

Cocaine is structurally to Solanaceae alkaloids such as belladonna, henbane, mandrake and satura. 
Its usual formula is cocaine hydrochloride, and apparently,it prevents the absorption of certain transmitters that have been released by other means. 
 Minimum active dose of nasal application is about 20-30 mg while the lethal dose is 1 to 1.5 grams.  It has a high tolerance and some people have ingested 4-5 grams daily without lethal effects.
This alkaloid was first isolated in 1859 by Florentine Paolo Mantegaza researcher and Austrian Karl Cherence of Austria.
In those days it was considered as an almost miraculous substance.
It was at this time that Dr Frances Angelo Mariani visiting Potosí, Bolivia, observed the natives chewing coca and upon his return to France developed a product which he called Mariani Wine. This “wine” was sold with great success.
In the late nineteenth century, coca and cocaine became popular and prestigious European intellectuals and professional classes became regular consumers..
Sigmond Freud himself stated:
At present it is impossible to assess with certainty the extent to which coca can potentially increase human mental powers.
I have the impression that prolonged use of cocaine can lead to a lasting improvement if the inhibitions expressed before it is consumed only to be physical causes or exhaustion. Of course, the instantaneous effect of a dose of cocaine can not be compared with an injection of morphine; But from the positive point of view, there is no danger of damage to the body generally as is the case with chronic use of morphine. 10   .
Then Freud himself would deny such early claims.
Enthusiasm generated by coca and cocaine in Western society led to their use in medicine and to the preparation of various elixirs which achieved wide acceptance. This habit spread among the population and markets for cocaine expanded.
When the prohibitionist ideology succeeded en the United States. and arguing that cocaine had addictive character and that was potentially harmful (with prolonged administration in high doses) a political movement proposing its banning developed.
In 1906, through the Poor Food and Drug Act, this alkaloid, as well as heroin  poppy, were banned in the United States.
It was the bãeginning of a process that would continue throughout the century. Despite its illegality, cocaine consumption gradually spread. As a result, coca cultivation in their areas of origin as well as clandestine laboratories for the manufacture of cocaine grew in many Latin American countries. Simultaneously  transportation networks for its distribution were organized. The highly unsuccessful war on cocaine had started.

From: "Peoples, Drugs and Serpents", Danilo Anton, Piriguazú Ediciones.

Coca and cocaine

Coca is not a drug, it’s food.

Coca, scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca is a medicinal and ceremonial plant traditionally used by Andean cultures.

It is a medium height bush that grows in hot, humid climates on the lower slopes of mountains. Since ancient times coca leaves were, and still are, used due to its medicinal and ritual purposes. They are chewed, ingested or prepared in infusion.

Coca leaves are actually an essential dietary supplement in the social and ecological conditions of the Andes. They contain a considerable proportion of the requirements of vitamins and minerals. They also supress hunger, improving life in the jungle and mountain environments where the availability of protein may be limited by local or seasonal factors. Another property of coca, related to its alkaloid content is its stimulating effect, it also facilitates  efforts in conditions of the low oxygen content of the mountain heights.

Coca leaf tea or «mate de coca» is also consumed in Peru and Bolivia to relieve altitude sickness or «altitude sickness» and as a digestive. The medicinal properties of coca resemble to some extent the Mapuche “boldo”.

During colonial times, Spanish authorities used these stimulant and appetite suppressant properties of coca to improve workers performance in the difficult silver miners conditions.

Coca trade provided considerable income to the colonial authorities. In 1583 more than one millon kilos of coca leaves were brought to the mines of Upper Peru.

Coca alkaloids

Coca contains numerous alkaloids which give its known therapeutic properties. The best known alcaloid is cocaine that has stimulant and digestive effects. Other alkaloids contained in coca include atropine, egnomina, the pecticina, papain, hygrine, globulin, quinoline, conina, cocamine, reserpine, benzoin, inulin and pyridina.

Cocaine

Cocaine is structurally to Solanaceae alkaloids such as belladonna, henbane, mandragora and datura.

Its usual formula is cocaine hydrochloride, and apparently,it prevents the absorption of certain transmitters that have been released by other means.

Minimum active dose of nasal application is about 20-30 mg while the lethal dose is 1 to 1.5 grams. It has a high tolerance and some people have ingested 4-5 grams daily without lethal effects.

This alkaloid was first isolated in 1859 by Florentine researcher Paolo Mantegaza and Austrian Karl Cherence.

In those days it was considered as an almost miraculous substance.

It was at this time that Dr Frances Angelo Mariani visiting Potosí, Bolivia, observed the natives chewing coca and upon his return to France developed a product which he called Mariani Wine. This “wine” was sold with great success.

In the late nineteenth century, coca and cocaine became popular and prestigious European intellectuals and professional classes became regular consumers.

Sigmond Freud himself stated:

“At present it is impossible to assess with certainty the extent to which coca can potentially increase human mental powers. I have the impression that prolonged use of cocaine can lead to a lasting improvement if the inhibitions expressed before it is consumed only to be physical causes or exhaustion. Of course, the instantaneous effect of a dose of cocaine can not be compared with an injection of morphine; But from the positive point of view, there is no danger of damage to the body generally as is the case with chronic use of morphine."

Then Freud himself would deny such early claims.

Enthusiasm generated by coca and cocaine in Western society led to their use in medicine and to the preparation of various elixirs which achieved wide acceptance.

This habit spread among the population and markets for cocaine expanded.

When the prohibitionist ideology succeeded en the United States. and arguing that cocaine had addictive character and that was potentially harmful (with prolonged administration in high doses) a political movement proposing its banning developed.

In 1906, through the Poor Food and Drug Act, this alkaloid, as well as heroin, were banned in the United States.

It was the beginning of a process that would continue throughout the century.

Despite its illegality, cocaine consumption gradually spread. As a result, coca cultivation in their areas of origin as well as clandestine laboratories for the manufacture of cocaine grew in many Latin American countries. Simultaneously transportation networks for its distribution were organized. The highly unsuccessful war on cocaine had started.

Coca derivatives

Coca leaves are usuallty processed though stepping and maceration with kerosene. Then the dry mixture is dilluted in sulfuric acid achieving a first product commonly called «coca paste» (PBC). This paste is purified by washing, particularly with ether, hydrochloric acid and acetone until obtaining cocaine hydrochloride which is the main product smuggled and commercialized in consumer countries..

Cocaine is a tropane related to Solanaceae alkaloids related (nightshade, henbane, mandragora, etc). In its usual form it is not affected by changes in temperature orlight, but requires dry environments.

It is a substance with relatively high tolerance that generates little addiction. For the nasal route the minimum active dose is about 20 to 30 milligrams, while the lethal dose is 1 to 1.5 grams.

Cocaine administered by this route has strong stimulant effects. It generates « a permanent activity without fatigue, verve and brilliance in social life, exalted and megalomania ego foolproof, attitudes preferred by executives and risk takers searches risks which is sold as a model advertising the contemporary society»

The Coca plant
Coca is not a drug, it’s food.  

Coca, scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca  is a medicinal and ceremonial plant traditionally used by Andean cultures.
It is a medium height bush that grows in hot, humid climates on the lower slopes of mountains. Since ancient times coca leaves were, and still are, used due to its medicinal and ritual purposes. They are chewed, ingested or prepared in infusion. 
Coca leaves are actually an essential dietary supplement in the social and ecological conditions of the Andes. They contain a considerable proportion of the requirements of vitamins and minerals.  They also supress hunger, improving life in the jungle and mountain environments where the availability of protein may be limited by local or seasonal factors. Another property of coca, related to its alkaloid content is its stimulating effect, it also facilitates efforts in conditions of the  low oxygen content of the mountain heights.

Coca leaf tea or «mate de coca» is also consumed in Peru and Bolivia to relieve altitude sickness or «altitude sickness» and as a digestive. The medicinal properties of coca resemble to some extent the Mapuche “boldo”.
During colonial times, Spanish authorities used these stimulant and appetite suppressant properties of coca to improve workers performance in the difficult silver miners conditions.
 Coca trade provided considerable income to the colonial authorities. In 1583 more than one millon kilos of coca leaves were brought to the mines of Upper Peru.  
Pictures taken by the author in the Chapare region of Cochabamba.

Coca alkaloids

Coca contains numerous alkaloids which give its known therapeutic properties.
The best known alcaloid is cocaine that has stimulant and digestive effects. Other alkaloids contained in coca include atropine, egnomina, the pecticina, papain, hygrine, globulin, quinoline, conina, cocamine, reserpine, benzoin, inulin and pyridina. Its properties are described in Table 3.2.

Cocaine

Cocaine is structurally to Solanaceae alkaloids such as belladonna, henbane, mandrake and satura. 
Its usual formula is cocaine hydrochloride, and apparently,it prevents the absorption of certain transmitters that have been released by other means. 
 Minimum active dose of nasal application is about 20-30 mg while the lethal dose is 1 to 1.5 grams.  It has a high tolerance and some people have ingested 4-5 grams daily without lethal effects.
This alkaloid was first isolated in 1859 by Florentine Paolo Mantegaza researcher and Austrian Karl Cherence of Austria.
In those days it was considered as an almost miraculous substance.
It was at this time that Dr Frances Angelo Mariani visiting Potosí, Bolivia, observed the natives chewing coca and upon his return to France developed a product which he called Mariani Wine. This “wine” was sold with great success.
In the late nineteenth century, coca and cocaine became popular and prestigious European intellectuals and professional classes became regular consumers..
Sigmond Freud himself stated:
At present it is impossible to assess with certainty the extent to which coca can potentially increase human mental powers.
I have the impression that prolonged use of cocaine can lead to a lasting improvement if the inhibitions expressed before it is consumed only to be physical causes or exhaustion. Of course, the instantaneous effect of a dose of cocaine can not be compared with an injection of morphine; But from the positive point of view, there is no danger of damage to the body generally as is the case with chronic use of morphine. 10   .
Then Freud himself would deny such early claims.
Enthusiasm generated by coca and cocaine in Western society led to their use in medicine and to the preparation of various elixirs which achieved wide acceptance. This habit spread among the population and markets for cocaine expanded.
When the prohibitionist ideology succeeded en the United States. and arguing that cocaine had addictive character and that was potentially harmful (with prolonged administration in high doses) a political movement proposing its banning developed.
In 1906, through the Poor Food and Drug Act, this alkaloid, as well as heroin  poppy, were banned in the United States.
It was the bãeginning of a process that would continue throughout the century. Despite its illegality, cocaine consumption gradually spread. As a result, coca cultivation in their areas of origin as well as clandestine laboratories for the manufacture of cocaine grew in many Latin American countries. Simultaneously  transportation networks for its distribution were organized. The highly unsuccessful war on cocaine had started.
From: "Peoples, Drugs and Serpents", Danilo Anton, Piriguazú Ediciones.