Environmental degradation in
the land of the Samoyed Peoples
Before the city of Norilsk was
founded in 1935 and the mining industry was established in the middle course of
the river Ienisei and surrounding areas in Northern Siberia the region was
inhabited by several peoples collectively called Samoyeds.
The Samoyeds were people who
lived in small communities and depended on reindeer husbandry, hunting and
fishing.
The reindeer had been
domesticated approximately in the tenth century and since then were used as a means
of transport and to obtain milk.
Some villages consumed their
meat while others avoided sacrificing domestic reindeer, and only took
advantage of the milk.
To obtain the meat, they
hunted the wild reindeer. Fishing was done through the ice in lakes and rivers
frozen in winter and hunting by traps, bows and arrows and spears.
The main Samoyed people of the
Nordic region of Siberia is the ethnic group of the Nenets.
Their ancestral domains are
located from the peninsula of Taymir to the peninsula of Kanin in the inferior
basins of the rivers Obi and Ienisei. The original population who probably
amounted to more than 100,000 inhabitants, stretched over a vast area of more
than 1 million square kilometers.
Life changed in the Yamal
region when the czarist Russian empire extended its territory throughout
Siberia and even more so when the Soviet Union government decided to expand the
mining and hydrocarbon producing industry in the region.
During this period of
occupation and acculturation, the Nenets were victims of successive campaigns
to abandon their traditional religions.
The first attempt of forced
conversion to Christianity was in 1824. These missions continued during the
Tsarist era, making the Orthodox Church the majority of the population. Later,
during the Soviet period, the population of the Nenets was subjected to the
depreciation of their traditions through institutionalized education,
neglecting the vertebral elements of their identity.
The Nenets have reacted
against this degradation and cultural assimilation by forming political
identity organizations. One of them is Yasavey (those who know the way) who has
carried out intense activities to defend his rights
Because of these changes many Nenets
abandoned the traditional life and started working in the new mining and
industrial plants.
The intense exploitation of
gas in the area produced some unexpected effects in the Yamal peninsula.
In
2014, a sinkhole was discovered in the southern section of the peninsula.
People were wondering about the cause of this unusual geomorphological feature.
A
spokesperson for the Yamal branch of the Emergencies Ministry said, "We
can definitely say that it’s not a meteorite”.
According to Andrei Plekhanov of
the Scientific Research Center of the Arctic, Andrei Plekhanov, the sinkhole
was the result of a "buildup of excessive pressure" underground
because of warming regional temperatures in that portion of Siberia.
Simultaneously
some tests conducted by Plekhanov's team showed unusually high concentrations
of methane near the bottom of the sinkhole.
If the intense exploitation of
natural gas fields is taken into consideration we should not be surprised that
in nearby zones destabilizing effects may have taken place.
Loss of pressure in the gas
containing layers may result in the collapse of the local terrane upper levels producing
large sinkholes wherever the conditions were appropriate.
Clearly, the extraction of
hydrocarbons in the peninsula has affected the local geomorphology and ecosystems.
Thanks to the Yamal riches, presently,
Russia has emerged in the international arena as one of the largest producers
ol hydrocarbon of the world.
Certainly, the Nenets are not
the beneficiearies of these geological resources of their traditional lands.
From "Chronicles of Human Peripecie", Danilo Anton, Piriguazu Ediciones.
From "Chronicles of Human Peripecie", Danilo Anton, Piriguazu Ediciones.
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