Reviewing the geological model of the evolution of Earth's crust

Reflections on Paradigmatic Changes

The development of geological approaches and theories on Earth's planetary origin and evolution, and in particular the Earth's crust, has been continuous for the last two centuries and even earlier. In that time span the accepted hypotheses have varied considerably. 
At the beginning of the 21st century, theories prevail that claim that the planet is divided into more or less rigid plates that move horizontally, converge, diverge, overlap or subduce one above others producing slow and gradual changes in the configuration of continents and Oceans (tectonic plates).

Likewise, there is general agreement that the composition of the upper mantle differs geochemically, mineralogically and petrographically from the composition of the crust, and that the main source of terrestrial inner energy comes from the disintegration of some radioactive elements.

There is also a coincidence that all these processes occur without significant changes in terrestrial volume. On the other hand, there is agreement on the idea that internal processes in the crust mainly occur in the presence of water in liquid or gaseous state and that the carbonous fluids (natural gas, petroleum) are the result of the evolution of the organisms residues which have been buried in the various sedimentary basins.

Finally there is the conviction that elements nuclei are stable and that chemical elements are permanent and that, with the exception of radioactive elements, atoms do not transmute at normal planetary temperatures. Therefore, both on the surface of the Earth and inside it,  the non-radioactive chemical elements remain unchanged and without any transmutations.

All these geophysical and geochemical models appear as absolutely proven and discordant opinions are not seriously considered. Anyone who does not agree with any of these statements does not receive scientific journals or obtain funds to conduct research to ratify or rectify their opinions.

The objective of this work is to describe some of the theories that differ from the official model, clarifying that these descriptions do not imply the acceptance of the same, but simply to emphasize that the models accepted at the level of the scientific and academic levels can be substituted By other, perhaps more appropriate, models, and that new ideas should not be censured, which, on the contrary, should be considered and, where the data show them to be coherent, embodied in universal human knowledge.

Somehow in this report some uncertainties are introduced into accepted certainties, rethinking some geological postulates that have been considered axioms and that we believe deserve to be visited again. As J. Lovelock reflects on "The Agress of Gaia" and Thomas S. Kuhn himself in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (1962), scientific advance requires constant rethinking of accepted theories from various scientific fields to approach truth .

Revisionist Proposals

One of the innovative and revisionist proposals about the processes that gave rise to the earth's crust has been developed by Vicente Sánchez Cela in numerous works (1999, 2005, 2012), where he rethinks the origin of granite as the result of an exothermic phase change With increased volume of silicate mantle minerals giving rise to various geological cortical processes. The theory of Sánchez Cela implies a gradual increase of the terrestrial volume due to tge decrease of density previously indicated. This increase in volume has been considered especially by the Australian geologists SWCarey and J. Maxlow who do not accept the theory of plate tectonics and instead imagine a planetary volume increase that would have been responsible for the changes of configuration of the continents and the appearance and expansion of the oceans.

In addition, the radical proposals of some authors concerning the possibility of nuclear transmutations of chemical elements under conditions of pressure and temperature (Louis Kervran, Pierre Baranger, and others) are highlighted. These authors emphasize the possibility, which has been denied absolutely by Orthodoxy, that some elements may be transformed into others due to the loss or gain of protons (H +) or oxygen nuclei (12O -2). For example, the regressive transmutation of silicon to aluminum (Si -H = Al) (Na + O = K). These transformations could occur, according to these authors, in geothermal environments of high pressure and temperature, or even, suggests Louis Kervran, as a result Of biological processes under normal conditions on the Earth's surface 

At the petrogenetic level, if these transmutations occurred they would effectively involve fundamental mineralogical and petrographic changes. Sodium and potassium feldspars could be transformed into anortites (calcium) by the loss of a positive valence (Si to Al) that would allow the integration of bivalent Ca. This would be possible especially considering that in general the Ca is more abundant than the Na and the K. In that case the granites would be transformed into gabbros and the rhyolites in basalts.

In relation to the role fulfilled by the water and carbonous fluids inside the upper mantle and the crust, Thomas Gold explains that the main deep fluids are constituted by hydrocarbons, mainly methane, which modifies (oxidizes) gradually during their ascent, emphasizing The role that the hyperthermobacteria would fulfill in these processes that would culminate in the accumulation of the hydrocarbons in diverse stratigraphic traps.